THE RECONDITIONING GROWTH OF PRODUCTION OF CHILI THROUGH THE BANANA HUMP AND MIMBA LEAF EXTRACT

The growth regulators of gibberellin and cytokinins are found in banana hump extract, while natural pesticides are found in the neem leaf extract. These two active ingredients can condition the growth and yield of chilies. There have not been any publications on the use of banana hump extracts and neem leaves to increase the growth and production of chili plants. The writing of this research article aims to explore the diversity of Indonesia's biological resources, among others, sword stalk banana hump extract and neem leaves which can stimulate the growth and yield of red chilies. Data analysis used a randomized block design with two variables and 3 repetitions. The first treatment used banana hump extract which consisted of four percentage levels, namely zero, fifteen, thirty, and forty-five percent, and the second treatment used neem leaf extract which consisted of four percentage levels, namely zero, fifteen, thirty, and forty-five, percent. A total of 600 grams of banana hump granules and neem leaves plus 1 liter of methanol, concentrated to a volume of 250 ml were used in this study. The data discussed included plant height, crown width, leaf area, number of fruits, main branches, wet and dry weight of fruit, wet and dry weight of roots, the incidence of diseases and pests, colony diameter of Colletotrichum capsici. The administration of neem leaf extract had a significant effect on crown width 44 and 54 days after planting, while the leaf area had a significant interaction between 44 and 64 days after planting, the main branch had significant interaction between the ages of 54 days after planting, and the incidence of disease had a significant interaction between the ages of 44 days after planting. The findings of the study were that the neem leaf extract had a significant effect on growth, whereas the banana hump extract did not have a significant effect on production because during the five months of the study there was a long dry season, so there was a water deficit which was a limiting factor in the production of fruit formation.


Background
Chilli includes fruit vegetables which are additional flavoring ingredients with spicy side dishes. Almost all people need chili sauce after it is processed from raw chili. This condition causes the demand for chili to take place continuously. The cultivation of chili plants often gets problems, namely the presence of aphids and pests and anthracnose diseases on chili caused by the fungus Colletotrichum capsici. This study was different from previous studies because the factors discussed were the growth, production, and attack of aphids and anthracnose in chili plants after being given neem leaf extract and banana weevil. Previous studies discussed giving single-factor neem leaf extracts to aphids or diseases anthracnose, and giving banana hump extract to chili production is not a combination of giving both extracts on growth, production, and attack of pests and diseases. (Ningsih et al., 2013).The result is obtained administration of neem leaf extract with 90% alcohol fraction, castor leaf extract with 10% alcohol fraction, 90%, 10% ethyl acetate fraction and 90% n-hexane fraction has the ability of a vegetable fungicide which can suppress Colletotrichum capsici in terms of colony growth and formation spores (Ningsih et al., 2013).
Research giving a combination of treatments between synthetic gibberellin and banana weevil extract can stimulate the growth and production of chilies. The results of the study using a combination treatment of synthetic growth regulators gibberellins (0, 50, 100, 150) ppm and banana hump extract (10, 20, 30) ml / l were proven to have a significant effect on chili yield and chili fruit weight per polybag. The 10 ml / l banana weevil concentration had a significant effect on plant height 20 days after transplanting and an average height of 10.56 cm at 60 days after transplanting (Deden, 2016) The flowering phase of bean plants is also prone to abortion so that to prevent the loss of flowers can be applied to plant regulating substances, a type of hormone gibberellins (GA3). The hormone gibberellins can stimulate flower growth and fruit formation and strengthen the condition of the stems on bean plants. Also, the flowering phase of the hormone gibberellins has a role in preventing the loss of flowers (Senja, 2019).
This research, namely reconditioning the growth and production of red chilies by giving banana hump extract and neem leaf extract, has not found the same research from various articles. The research articles only focus on the use of synthetic gibberellins in chili plants, and not natural gibberellins from the banana hump. Likewise, the use of neem leaves as a natural fungicide on chili plants is only a single treatment or a combination of several natural fungicides, and not a combination of natural gibberellin growth regulators and natural fungicides, therefore this study was conducted. Several related studies, among others, the results of research Application of synthetic GA3 treatment with 4 concentration levels, namely: 0 ppm (G0), 20 ppm (G1), 40 ppm (G2), and 60 ppm (G3) and see the effect on the flowering factor, quantity, and quality of curly red chili seeds. The GA3 concentration of 20 ppm had the effect of reducing the rate of loss in the cropping by 42.69%, increasing the number of flowers planted by 33.98%, and an increase in the number of fruit planted by 36.64% (Arifin & Prapto Yudono, 2012). The effect of paclobutrazol and GA3 on the growth and flowering of chilies and determine the proper concentration of paclobutrazol and GA3 on the growth and flowering of chilies. The study consisted of two factors, namely: the first factor the concentration of Paklobutrazol (P) with 4 levels, namely P0: 0 ppm, P1: 250 ppm, P2: 500 ppm, and P3 750 ppm. The second factor is the concentration of GA (G) with 3 levels, namely G0: 0 ppm, G1: 50 ppm, G2: 100 ppm, and G3: 150 ppm. The administration of Paclobutrazol and GA3 affects the growth and flowering of chili plants when applied independently. Paclobutrazol concentration 250 ppm and GA3 50 ppm concentration is the best concentrations in increasing growth and flowering (Adilah et al., 2020). Finally, the results of the study, the provision of 6 concentrations of neem leaf extracts 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% affected overcoming anthracnose disease of chilies. The best concentrations were 15% and 20% which in-vitro had the smallest colony diameter growth compared to concentrations of 0%, 1%, 5%, 10% (Muhammad Ali et al., 2008)

Research Problems
There has been no previous research on giving extracts from banana weevil and neem leaves to reconditioning the growth and production of red chilies, therefore this study was conducted.

Research Purposes
To determine the changes that occurred in the growth and production of red chilies after giving the extract from banana weevil and neem leaves in certain treatments.

Time and Location
Field research was carried out on land belonging to Gapoktan Repeh Rapih, Sukamantri village, Taman Sari sub-district, Bogor. Laboratory analysis was carried out in the environmental biotechnology laboratory of PT Biodiversitas Biotechnology Indonesia and Semeao Biotrop, Bogor. Research began in May ending August 2019.

Tools and Material
The tools used were seker, rotary evaporator, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography pH meter, analytical balance, tools glass for analyses, microscope, hygrometer, and thermometer. Materials needed for banana weevil, neem leaves, methanol, aqua dest, agar, dextrose, potatoes.

Methodology
The research consisted of two phases, firstly extracting banana weevil and neem leaves in the laboratory, and secondly giving extracts to red chili plants in farmers' fields.

Extraction of banana weevil and neem leaves
Making banana weevil extract. Weigh 600 grams of the banana weevil, then wash and wind dry it in the sun for 1 day. The caudex is cut into small sizes with a knife then blended and sieved with 25 mesh sizes. Flour oven at 60oC for 1 day. Flour plus 1 liter of methanol stirred every 2 hours left for 1 day then filtered and made the volume 1 l with the addition of 100% methanol. 1 liter of extraction is thickened with a rotary evaporator so that the volume is 250 ml. Furthermore, the plants are given according to the research design used. Making neem leaf extract. Weigh 600 grams of neem leaves, then wash and dry the wind in the sun for 1 day, then oven at 60oC for 12 hours. Leaves are blended and filtered measuring 25 mesh. The flour is in an oven at 60oC for 6 hours. The flour is added with 1 liter of methanol, stirred once every 2 hours, left for 1 day, then filtered and made into 1-liter volume with the addition of 100% methanol. 1 liter of extraction is thickened with a rotary evaporator so that the volume is 250 ml. Furthermore, the plants are given according to the research design used. The flow chart for the extraction of banana weevil and neem leaves until the growth regulator product is produced is shown in Figure 1. The research method used a factorial randomized block experimental design, which consisted of two factors. The first factor is neem leaf extract consisting of four levels, namely: 0% (MO), 15% (M1), 30% (M2), 45% (M3). The second factor is banana weevil extract consisting of four levels, namely: 0% (PO), 15% (P1), 30% (P2), 45% (P3). The data obtained for each observed variable were tested by analysis of variance at the 5% level, if significantly different then continued using Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

Analysis Method
Determine the content of growth regulators for banana weevil extract using the HPLC tool belongs to the biodiversity laboratory, Bogor. Meanwhile to determine the types of pesticides and their content using Gass chromatography-mass spectrometry belongs to the municipal health laboratory, Jakarta

Figure 2 Thickening of neem leaf extract and banana weevil with a rotary vacuum evaporator.
The concentration of the extracts of neem leaves and banana weevils using a Heidolph rotary evaporator with a rotation speed of 70 rpm and a temperature of 40 oC. The time required for thickening from a volume of 500 ml to 250 ml is 1 hour.  Gass Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) were used to determine the type and content of pesticides from the concentrated extract of neem leaves. Table 1 shows the effect of giving neem and banana weevil extracts on plant height variables. Based on table 1, shows that the treatment of neem leaf extract and banana hump extract for all treatments did not produce results, but the average plant height for each treatment of neem leaf extract and banana hump extract starting from the age of 14 days after planting (14 DAP), 24 DAP, 34 DAP, 44 DAP, 54 DAP, 64 DAP, an increase in plant height. This is due to the active ingredients contained in the neem leaf extract and banana hump extract can stimulate plant height growth. Table 2 shows the effect of giving neem leaf extract and banana weevil on crown width. Note: The average value on the same line followed by the same letter is not significantly different according to the DMRT test at the 5% level. Table 2 shows that the tabulated giving of neem and banana weevil extracts has an increase in crown width starting from the age of 14,24,34,44,54 days after planting, but decreasing at the age of 64 days after planting because the plants are old. Table 3 shows the effect of giving banana weevil extracts on the interaction of leaf area. Based on table 3, there was an interaction at the age of 44 and 64 days after planting between the administration of neem leaf extract and banana weevil on leaf area variables. Table  4 shows the effect of giving neem leaf extract and banana weevil on the number of fruit. The average treatment of Neem leaf extract and banana hump extract on the number of fruits for all ages does not indicate a difference. Table 5 shows the effect of giving neem leaf extract on the interaction of the number of main branches. The administration of neem leaf extract and banana weevil gave a significant interaction effect on the main branches aged 54 days after planting. Table 6 shows the effect of giving neem leaf extract and banana weevil on fruit wet and dry weight. The average treatment of neem leaf extract and banana hump extract does not give different results for all the wet weight of the fruit and dry weight of the fruit. The compound content in both extracts on average treatment does not stimulate the results on the wet and dry weight of the fruit. Table 7 shows the effect of giving neem and banana weevil extracts on root wet and dry weight. The average independent treatment of neem leaf extract and banana hump extract did not affect all variables of root dry weight and root wet weight. Table 8 shows the effect of giving neem leaf extract on the interaction of disease incidence in fruit. Description: The average value in the same row followed by the same letter does not differ according to the DMRT test at the 5% level The administration of neem leaf extracts and banana weevils gave a significant interaction effect on the incidence of disease 44 days after planting. Table 9 shows the effect of giving neem and banana weevil extracts on pest incidence. The average self-treatment of Neem leaf extract and banana hump extract does not affect all the occurrences of pest attack. Table 10 shows the effect of neem leaf extract on the diameter development of Colletotrichum capsici fungi colonies. The average concentration treatment of neem leaves in the age of the termination of the MO treatment compared with the treatment of M1, M2, M3 occurred the repression of colony diameter, although there is no difference in each treatment. The inhibitory percentage of diametre colonies, with the formula: THR = (D1-D2)/D1 × 100%, where: THR: The relative resistance level of the test pathogenic colony with treatment D1 = Colony diameter Test at control D2 = Colony diameter on treatment (Kumar et al., 2007).
Furthermore, the level of isolation of the isolates of Colletotrichum spp. On the active ingredient fungicide can be seen from the relative barrier level (THR), to determine the criteria: very sensitive (SS): THR > 90%, sensitive (S): 75% < THR ≤ 90%, Medium Resistance (RS): 60% < THR ≤ 75%, resistance (S): 40% < THR ≤ 60%, very resistant (SR): THR ≤ 40% (Kumar et al., 2007)15 (25). Based on the formula obtained inhibitory colony diameter in table 11. Table 11 shows the effect of neem leaf extract on the inhibition of Colletotrichum capsici fungal colonies. The barrier level relative diameter of the largest colony is ordered starting treatment of M3, M1, M2. The relative resistance levels of the three treatments include the very resistant categories.

General conditions during the study
The average monthly climate conditions for the city of Bogor, starting from March, April, May, June, and July 2019, the data comes from BMKG 2019. Monthly climate average data is used as a guideline for the suitability of climatic factors during the 5 months of the study, namely: monthly average temperature 26.35 o C, average humidity 81.81% / month, average rainfall 24.61 mm / mon0th, the average length of solar radiation is 7.79 / month = 233.7 / day = 9.7 hours/day, the average wind speed is 2.33 km/hour = 1.05 km/hour. The optimal temperature for growth is between 25-28 degrees Celsius, the optimal relative humidity for 80% growth, rainfall between 1,500-2,500 mm / year for 5 months of research = 300-500 mm / month, the intensity of sunlight with long radiation (photoperiodicity) 10-12 hours a day (Mahrus Ali, 2017).
Neem leaf extract has a significant effect on crown width but does not occur in banana weevil extract. The administration of neem leaf extracts and banana weevils had a significant interaction effect on the leaf area at 44 days after planting. The administration of neem and banana weevil extracts had a significant interaction effect on the main branches at 54 days after planting. The administration of neem and banana weevil extracts had a significant interaction effect on disease incidence in chilies at 44 days after planting.
Some of the previous literature that supports the results of this study can be described in the following statement.
The application of liquid organic fertilizer in kapok banana hump concentration 10%, 20%, 30% does not affect the height of stems of okra plants (Wea, 2018).
The different results of the study were that the doses of banana hump consisting of 0, 10, 20, 30 grams/polybags had an impact on the increase in leaf length, the number of leaves, root weight, fresh weight, and dry weight of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery. The dose of 20 grams/polybag stimulated the increase in leaf length of oil palm seedlings in the pre-nursery compared without treatment, as well as for variables of leaf number, root weight, fresh weight, and plant dry weight (Sitinjak, 2019).
Giving 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% concentration from neem leaf extraction and banana hump extraction can increase plant crown increment at the age of 44 days, and 54 days after planting, while at the age of 14 days, 24 days, 34 days, and 64 days after planting did not increase the crown of the plant. Giving a combination concentration of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% of neem leaf extraction and banana hump extraction, was able to increase leaf area at 44 days and 64 days after planting, but there was no increase in leaf area at 14 days. 24, days, 34, days, 54 days after planting. Giving a single concentration of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45% of neem leaf extraction and banana hump extraction, was not able to increase the number of fruit, wet fruit weight, dry fruit weight, wet and dry weight of shoots, and roots for all ages of observation. from 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64 days after planting. This is because the extraction of banana humps containing natural growth regulators, namely: gibberellin 132.70 mg / L and cytokinins consisting of kinetin 102.17 mg / L, and zeatin 87.06 mg / L obtained from the results of environmental biotechnology laboratory analysis of PT Biodiversity Biotechnology Indonesia, Bogor City-West Java by using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography are estimated that the concentration is not sufficient to increase the growth and production of chili plants (source from the testing laboratory of PT Biodiversitas Bioteknologi Indonesia Tahun 2019.
Based on this laboratory analysis, it is felt that it is necessary to provide a growth regulator for banana hump extraction more than three times or to increase the concentration of growth regulator substance for banana hump extraction.
Giving a 45% solution concentration derived from the fermentation of local microorganisms of banana hump could increase the variables of plant height, number of leaves, number of productive branches, and fruit weight per plant compared to the control but did not affect the concentration of 30% (Azizy et al. 2020).

CONCLUSIONS
Growth and production can be reconditioned through the application of banana weevil extracts and neem leaves which can be seen from a significant contribution to the growth of several variables, as well as the potential to increase chili production when water is available for plants.
Gibberellins and cytokinins did not affect the growth components of the variables of plant height, stem diameter, and canopy width, at 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64 days after planting, but the combination of gibberellin, cytokinins, and natural compounds of neem leaf extract affected leaf area at the age of 44 days, and 64 days after transplanting. Gibberellins and cytokinins did not affect the production components of the variables of fruit number, wet weight and dry weight of fruit, wet weight and dry weight of roots and canopy, but the combination of gibberellin and cytokinins affected the number of branches at 54 days after transplanting. The combination of growth regulators from gibberellin, kinetin, and natural compounds from neem leaf extracts had an effect on disease incidence at the age of the plant 44 days after planting. Gibberellins and cytokinins and natural compounds from neem leaf extract did not affect the incidence of pests. The combination of gibberellin, cytokinins, and natural compounds from neem leaf extract also did not affect disease incidence.
The growth and production of chili plants are influenced by climatic factors during the study, were at the time of the research there was a long dry season. Climatic factors that are not by the requirements for plant growth and production, namely: average humidity, too low average rainfall so that there is less water for the process of plan photosynthesis and plant metabolism which has an impact on the fruit formation process, the average sunshine intensity is less which also affects the photosynthesis process so that fruit formation and plant growth will be disrupted.
Banana weevil and neem leaves that will be used as extracts should not be dried in the oven, but drying should be done naturally in the morning sun so that there is no evaporation of active ingredients (growth regulators and pesticides). Planting chilies preferably in wet months, because water is the main component of weight building and other organs.

THANK-YOU NOTE
The author would like to thank the ministry of research and higher education technology for funding this research. Thanks are also conveyed to the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Djuanda University who has supported this research.